Biodata of Bro. Teoh Kian Koon

Bro. Teoh graduated from University of Malaya in Civil Engineering in 1979. He has been a spiritual practitioner cum ‘Meditator’ since 1971. Since his retirement in 2001 from his Engineering career, he has been sharing his understanding and experiences with those who are keen in their search for true happiness, peace and liberation from birth and death and all mental suffering so that they can be more virtuous, nobler and wiser human beings. He gives Dharma talks and holds meditation classes & retreats and weekly Dharma classes at various meditation centers, Buddhist society and places that invite him.

For more details of Bro. Teoh’s dharma activities and his Kalyāṇamittaship grouping please login to his dharma website at: http://broteoh.com

1. Introduction

This 26/9/2013 weekly Thursday class meditation cum dharma talk by Bro. Teoh Kian Koon is a continuation of his 12/9/2013 talk. It is Bro. Teoh’s sincere hope that Dharma friends, spiritual practitioners, seekers of truth, and cultivators will be able to make use of these 2 talks’ transcript notes (Part 1 and Part 2) on meditation to develop a better understanding of the Buddhist meditation as taught by the Buddha so that they may progress along the path of dharma to become more virtuous, noble and wiser human beings that can be a blessing to all of humanity and mankind.

As these notes were compiled based on a direct transcript from the recordings done, its wordings will be more like those of spoken language rather than a written text. Hence it is hope that readers will be able to accordingly make the adjustment themselves to understand its true meaning and intent better. A good way to do this is to listen to the recordings first before reading these transcript notes. For those who want to listen to the recording they can download the talk at this below drop box link:

http://broteoh.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Teoh-class-130926.mp3

Or contact Bro. Ng Swee Aun at sang47500@yahoo.com for further details.

2. Acknowledgement

It is the donors’ sincere intention that these transcript notes be given free to those who are interested and have the affinity to receive them. I would like to take this opportunity to thank and rejoice in the generosity and wholesomeness of all those Dharma friends or Kalyāṇamitta who had donated and helped out in the transcription, typing, typesetting, formatting, proof reading, etc to make this free distribution of dharma dana possible. Special thanks should be accorded to Sis. Jennifer Wong who had done the initial draft dharma transcript for my editing and Mahā Sādhu! to her for her wholesomeness.

Special thanks should also be accorded to Sis. Lee Soo Choo and Sis. Lim Eng Bee for helping to complete the earlier Part 1 initial draft dharma transcript (dated 12.9.2013) for my editing too. This acknowledgement of thanks was inadvertently left out from the earlier Part 1 edition. This is my sincere apology for having inadvertently omitted it.

By the power of all these wholesomeness may all beings be well and happy, free from all suffering and danger and may there be love, peace and joy - deep within their hearts. And may it also pave the way for causes and conditions for all dharma friends who had donated or helped out and rejoiced in the wholesomeness to realize their good and noble wishes soonest possible.

With Metta always,

By Bro. Teoh Kian Koon (Dated: 31.12.2016)

3. Session 1

THURSDAY MEDITATION CLASS dated 26.9.2013 - held at Bro. Swee Aun’s Subang Jaya house.

Understanding The Meditation As Taught By The Buddha (Part 2 - Based on a direct transcript from the recorded talk)

3.1 Pre-Class And Pre-Pūjā

Bro. YK (Yin Kwang), you got this book? - “Daily Buddhist Devotions” by our late Chief Reverend, Venerable Dr. K. Sri Dhammananda - it’s a very good book. You can have a copy and it is free.

Since we have a few more minutes before we start, maybe I will touch a little bit on the 12th September 2013 dharma recording that Bro. Swee Aun did. The recording was very well done and it was circulated for sharing to all kalyāṇamitta. If you can spend some time listening to it, it will benefit you a lot because the sharing was very good, very complete and very clear. It covers almost everything that you need to know including all those dharma that are supposed to be taught much later for you all to understand. I had suggested to Bro. Swee Aun to try to gather some of you who can help us do the transcript of our last talk dated: 12th September 2013. I hope to finalize it before our coming March retreat next year (2014) because it will be very useful.

Who is good at doing the transcript, any volunteer? Yes, just transcribe from the recording; you listen and write it down, and if you use the computer it’s easier because you can pause, then after that you can go back to wherever you want to listen again. The talk is about 2 hours but you can split out the work, you don’t have to do everything yourself. But I need somebody to help coordinate and type it out. Any volunteer? Sādhu! So regarding the typing we can get Sis. Hui Lin to help us. Others who also want to volunteer, you can let Bro. Swee Aun know, and he can help to coordinate the whole thing. It will be very wholesome and it will also benefit greatly all those who helped do it.

If you have some form of dharma understanding then it will be an added advantage for you because as you transcribe you will learn a lot, then everything will become very clear. Later on we may need to do the proof reading. That will be done after I have edited the whole transcript. I will listen to the whole recording again and check against your transcript then I will know which word is missing or which word is not so correct, because sometimes English words are like that, sound the same, and you may type in the wrong word. You will get a shock of your life when it’s edited, especially so when you re read the edited version. It will be like completely different…….. That one not so bad, but there was an incident I remember, where the whole meaning became totally different, - this was only understood after it was edited. Only then that person who transcribed it realized how different the actual talk meant compared to what was perceived by her earlier on.

Now it is exactly 8.30pm, we will start the meditation class.

Just relax your body and mind, and then compose your mind to develop the spiritual faculty of saddhā (faith and confidence) in the Buddha and his teaching (which is a very important spiritual faculty). If you can develop that, it will pave the way for you to develop the balance of the other 4 spiritual faculties of vīriya, sati, samādhi and paññā.

Okay, now we can start the class. Compose your mind, develop the very strong saddhā/faith and pay respect mindfully to Lord Buddha, then we will commence the pre-pūjā (devotional practices):

(Homage to the Buddha, the Blessed one, the worthy one and the fully enlightened one x3)

Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammā sambuddhassa

Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammā sambuddhassa

Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammā sambuddhassa

(Taking the 3 refuges - Buddha, Dhamma and the Sangha)

Buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi

Dhammaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi

Saṅghaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi

Dutiyampi Buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi

Dutiyampi Dhammaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi

Dutiyampi Saṅghaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi

Tatiyampi Buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi

Tatiyampi Dhammaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi

Tatiyampi Saṅghaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi

(Renewal of the 5 precepts)

Pānātipātā veramaṇī sikkhāpadaṃ samādiyāmi

Adinnādānā veramaṇī sikkhāpadaṃ samādiyāmi

Kāmesu micchācārā veramaṇī sikkhāpadaṃ samādiyāmi

Musāvādā veramaṇī sikkhāpadaṃ samādiyāmi

Surā-meraya-majja-pamā-daṭṭhānā veramaṇī sikkhāpadaṃ samādiyāmi

Sādhu! Sādhu! Sādhu!

3.2 Meditation Briefing and Instructions

Just relax yourself (body and mind) and maintain some form of attention, then we can start the meditation. Tonight before we start, maybe for the benefit of those who just came in, I will repeat what I shared just now. There was this 12th September 2013 recording that Bro. Swee Aun had done and because it was circulated to all kalyāṇamitta hence I had the condition to listen to it this morning. I didn’t know it was so complete and beautiful until I listened to it on the recording again. Then I replied to Bro. Swee Aun and copied to all kalyāṇamitta, advising that if you have the time, it will be very beneficial for you to listen to it attentively again and again. The reason why I use the words again and again is because for most of you now, it is very unlikely that you can grasp more than 30 percent of what is spoken except for some of you who had cultivated before. If you don’t listen to it again, you will miss most of its essence because the first time you listen, it’s like, “you think you understand” but actually the real understanding is not there yet because true understanding demands actual cultivation and practice. For those who have not developed the daily mindfulness, heedfulness and the cultivation, a lot of the dharma spoken, you cannot understand as yet. You can only understand up to the level you can understand and very likely most of it is still at the superficial or knowledge and thought level. But as you develop these spiritual faculties of saddhā, vīriya, sati, samādhi and paññā leading to the heedfulness then a lot of transformation will happen to you. With a stable mindfulness (or sati) when you start to do the real meditation which is the cultivation of the four foundations of mindfulness in daily life, you will understand better. And as this understanding unfolds, the next time you listen to this same recording again you will be full of joy and you will start to appreciate a lot of those words (even though you have heard them before but the meaning doesn’t stand out or strike you or have any impact upon you then; not until you had developed the actual cultivation). Then as you develop the ability to understand those words, nothing can stop you from progressing; after that, you will move on your own. You will progress very fast.

It’s up to you because it is your life; only you can decide how you want to develop the above understanding, because dharma talk with this type of understanding is very rare and very difficult to come by. Thus far, of all the recordings, I think this one is the most complete - in the sense that the questions asked were so relevant because they cover almost every aspects of the cultivation (from the beginning to the very end). It’s like my sharing towards the end – “it’s meant for serious cultivators only but somehow it came out because there were conditions for it to arise that night”. What I felt was this type of sharing or recording is indeed very rare and very important, as such I have suggested that someone do a transcript of its recording. Whoever is willing to help out, you can inform Bro. Swee Aun. This 2 hour recording, you can break it up and different people can do different parts and as you do, you will understand much more, because through this listening and transcribing it will become different. The reasons being, when you slowed everything down and listen attentively and then write it out, you will understand better because you can read and read and read them again and again until you clearly comprehend.

That’s how all those earlier transcripts of those rather important dharma talks that I had shared since 2005 came about and some of them, we managed to get them printed into book form; like the “Laws of Dependent Origination”. The others like the “Five Aggregates of Form and Mind”, the “Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta”, followed by “Sammā Samādhi”, etc. – they are in normal A4 size booklet form. All these came about because during that time there was a group of kalyāṇamitta, who were very serious about the cultivation, had helped done up those transcripts. Over the years, since 2008, it didn’t occur to me that we need to do all these anymore until lately. Hence I hope you all can contribute and help out so that we can develop this transcript books together. The whole process may take a while, but because we are going to have this meditation retreat next year, March 2014 in Cameron Highlands, I hope to finish everything by the end of this year. That means we have another 3 months plus to do it and we should have enough time to finish it. After doing the transcript, somebody will have to type it out then forwards it to me to do the editing. After my editing, we will print out the final draft for proof reading, before we do the formal typesetting of the transcript to finalize it. After the proof reading and typesetting we can get it printed for free distribution to be shared by all. This whole process will take a while but 3 months should be enough time. That’s about all that I want to share and announce.

Tonight, I have only one question and this question is very long but it’s a good question in the sense that a lot of people, like her also don’t understand. Just like how she phrased her question.

Qs: ‘What is the responsibility of a lay Buddhist’? Most people have these questions inside their mind: ‘Who am I? What am I here for? What is the purpose and meaning of life?’ Then, there is also this question frequently asked by housewife – ‘why is everybody expecting me to do everything and nobody want to help me with the household chores.’

Bro. Teoh: She is referring to this word responsibility but I prefer to use the word duty which is a better and more appropriate word. If it’s your duty then it’s no longer a responsibility and you don’t have to put pressure on yourself by thinking that it is your responsibility to get all these household chores done. But if it’s my duty, then it is different, it means ‘I know it’s my duty as a mother and a housewife then if I can do, I will do but I will do with understanding’. I will not do if you pressure me and say to me, ‘this is your responsibility and you have to do it’. I don’t want to be pressured while in the office, by our bosses and our superior; they can just throw the file at you and say, “You are responsible for all these; hence you have to do it”. At least in the office you are paid but at home as a wife or a housewife you are not paid.

When we talk about responsibility, we are answerable but if it is a duty given to you, just like in the school, the teacher they put up the duty roster, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, - who is assigned for what duty, like sweeping floor, class decor, washing toilet, etc. So you have your duties laid out for you. If it’s a duty, then you do it because it’s your duty and you want to do. I will elaborate on this later.

Okay now we need to go into the meditation proper. Anybody here who is totally new? Okay there are three of you who are new. Do you all have any Buddhist based understanding of the dharma? No? Never mind you don’t really need to have any basic understanding of the dharma to attend this meditation class. You only need to have an open mind, to listen. Okay, maybe I will just summarize again what we are here for.

They call this the Thursday meditation class and we are here to develop the understanding of the meditation as taught by the Buddha. But most Buddhists like to use this word “Vipassanā meditation” meaning ‘Insight meditation’. “Vi” stands for the 3 universal characteristics of nature and “Passanā” means to “Insight” into (not ‘inside’) and Vipassanā is a Pāḷi word. When you do the transcript, sometimes instead of ‘insight’ you will write ‘Inside’ meditation because this is the only word you are familiar with. When you correct it to ‘insight’ the person who did the transcript will be very surprised because the two meaning are so different. You don’t laugh because it happened before. ‘Insight’ is about wisdom. Like you insight into the characteristics of nature, or you insight into certain things that allows you to have an understanding of it or the wisdom to comprehend it clearly. This is the meditation that will lead to insight knowledge, awakening and wisdom, to free and liberate your mind so that you can become enlightened, so that you don’t have any more suffering. It is mainly to develop this insight knowledges or wisdom, needed to liberate your mind so that you don’t have to suffer unnecessarily again from that moment onwards. This insight meditation is very popular and a lot of people are very keen to develop it but it is not something that is so straight forward and easy for most people.

What we do here is we divide this meditation class into two sessions. The first session comprise dharma and meditation briefing and the giving of meditation instructions. The initial instructions are given to let you understand why you are not peaceful and why are you not able to develop this meditation. You look at the whiteboards, the essential dharmas are all written on these 3 whiteboards. These essential dharmas are very important. You need to develop some form of understanding of them. These are all in the teaching but the understanding of it is very important. Like I always say, the focus is on the understanding. If you do the meditation without understanding you cannot progress, it’s going to be very difficult. You can have some meditative experiences but that may not help you much. But if you do it with understanding you can progress very fast because you are more focused and you know and understand what you are doing in the name of meditation. These essential dharmas will help you a lot when you are able to understand them. All these 3 whiteboards, they’ve got different essential dharma and messages written on them.

The main one is this centre small rectangular whiteboard’s essential dharma. We have on the left the five mental hindrances which I had explained and elaborated on many times before but for the benefit of those who are new, I will go through it again. According to the Buddha, the reason why you cannot develop the meditative silent mind is because you have mental hindrances that hinder your mind from becoming peaceful, tranquil, still and aware. The word, hindrance denotes something that hinders your mind from entering the meditative state of inner peace, calmness and from being aware. These mental hindrances are very real. If you check your daily life, you will come to realize that the mental hindrances are there, in almost every moment and every instant of your waking moments unless you have cultivated and trained your mind to be heedful. The 5 mental hindrances are sensual desire, ill will, sloth and torpor, restlessness of mind and doubt. If you want to understand this, you should go and listen to 12th of September 2013 recording; everything is there, very clearly explained and recorded. With the recording, I can save a lot of time; I don’t need to explain them again. If you are lazy, then you cannot understand, so it’s all up to you.

Now I will move on to the 5 spiritual faculties. These 5 spiritual faculties are the opposite 5 mental states that can allow you to understand his teachings very easily and it will also help you overcome the 5 mental hindrances. These 5 spiritual faculties are all in the teachings but the only difference is the explanation of it differs. Not everybody understands what they are. If you don’t understand what they are then it will be very difficult for you to cultivate or develop these spiritual faculties. I had already explained what these 5 things are. In Pāḷi, they are saddhā, vīriya, sati, samādhi and paññā. The translation is, “saddhā” means the confidence (or faith) in the Buddha and his teachings, confident in whatever you do, and confident includes self confidence. When you have confident in somebody, you will have faith in that person, you will understand what he says and you will have gratitude and respect for that person. When you know that his teaching, the Buddha’s dharma can bring about great transformation in you, can bring about understanding that can lead to awakening or enlightenment, then your life can be very different because it can help you understand life, help you to really live life to the fullest with great peace, joy and happiness and there will be no more suffering. They are all clearly explained in the 12/9/2013 recording. You should listen to the 12th September 2013 recording because it’s all explained clearly there. Alternatively you can read the transcript later on when it is available.

“Saddhā” is confidence in the Buddha and his teaching. Then “vīriya” is the spiritual zeal or tenacity to develop this cultivation. Through knowing how special the Buddha is and how wonderful and unique his teaching is, your vīriya or spiritual zeal will arise. When vīriya arises, you will cultivate and train your mind to be mindful leading to a stable mindfulness or awareness which is termed sati in Pāḷi. Sati or mindfulness is the 3rd spiritual faculty and it is very easy to develop it if you understand what it is. Do listen carefully again to the definition: ‘Mindfulness or sati is the silent mind in awareness before the knowing’ - meaning you’re just aware, before the arising of the concept, the word, and the thought or aggregates of mind.  When you understand that sati is awareness before the knowing, you will know how to develop it and you will know how to train the mind to be in sati. Which means, when you pay respects or bows to the Buddha, your body and mind just move as one, without thought, and that is mindfulness. When you walk, - body and mind as one, without thought, that is mindfulness. A simple way to define it is – ‘the moment you are silent (without thought and mental chattering), you are already mindful’. You don’t have to learn to be mindful. Technically you don’t have to try to be mindful because the trying is by the thought that wants to be mindful and when the thought is active, mindfulness is not there anymore. That’s the reason why a lot of people cannot have it because they use the wrong instrument to develop mindfulness. They use the thought to note here and note there. They are totally off the mark because they don’t understand what sati is? To be mindful is very simple; you just silence your mind. But like I explained earlier on, most of them are heedless, they cannot be silent. Heedless means the mental hindrances are there and they make you think a lot. A lot of thoughts arise because of habitual tendencies borne of mental hindrances that conditioned them into that state of heedlessness. Do listen to the earlier recording; it’s very clearly explained there.

Then the 4th spiritual faculty is “Samādhi”. Samādhi is the collectedness of mind, the unwavering mind. It will come about when sati or mindfulness had stabilized. When there is sati and Samādhi, you will have mental clarity; you will be able ‘to see things as they are’. Then wisdom or paññā which is the 5th spiritual faculty will arise, understanding will arise, insight will arise, and these will bring about the fulfillment of all the 5 spiritual faculties that you need to develop. With these 5 spiritual faculties developed, all the opposite 5 mental hindrances will be overcome, then you can receive and understand the Buddha’s teachings, which is the dharma, very easily. These spiritual faculties will enable you to understand spiritual teaching and progress along the path of dharma easily. With this understanding, we can start our meditative training.

3.3 Meditation Proper

I will switch off the light and for those who already know how to meditate, you can start straightaway. For those who are new and those who still need instructions, you just listen, and follow the instructions given to develop this training of mind to be mindful, to be peaceful, and to be aware.

Meditation has 2 parts, like I always explained. First part is to train your mind not to be heedless so that you can be heedful.  Heedfulness or appamāda means ever mindful to develop the wisdom as taught by the Buddha. Hence you start by training your mind to be ever mindful. In this training I will teach you a skillful means which we call the mind sweeping method, so that you can train the mind to be at the location you want it to be. Then you just allow the mind to feel, no more thinking. This is how you de-condition your heedless thinking to overcome your mental hindrances temporarily. All these are also explained in the 12th September 2013 recording, so you don’t have to remember them. You can listen to it later. It will become clear to you.

Initially, what you need to understand is, your body and mind must be in a state of relaxed inner awareness. You just relax everything, body and mind. Relax means don’t hold on to anything, just let things be, no more issue, no more problems, no more things to attend to, you’re just in a state of relaxed, silent inner awareness. Make sure you have a stable posture, backbone straight, then close your eyes and silence everything and just maintain awareness or attention at your forehead. Just feel your forehead, feel, and don’t think. If there is any tension, tightness or stress within, just mentally, silently relax, relax and relax, feel the whole forehead soothingly relax. Just feel and relax.

After that, just sweep it down to your eye muscles, again you feel every strand of your eye muscle and arteries, relax them all, feel them soothingly relax. Then you sweep it down to feel your facial muscles. Normally for most people, if you don’t have the understanding, the joy and happiness in life, you are not relaxed and you are very tense; there is a lot of stress within your body and mind. Your facial muscles are normally quite tense, so you just feel and relax every part of it. Initially you may think you have already relaxed your facial muscles but later on when I teach you another skillful means, then you will realize that you are far from the relaxed state.

You can use the skillful means of radiating a radiant smile to yourself. Visualize yourself facing a mirror radiating a radiant smile, - there is a lot of happiness, a lot of joy, and you just smile. When you do that, you are really relaxed because of the joy and peace within you (there must be joy that lead to the relaxed state). When you are happy, you are very relaxed and then naturally all the facial muscles will be relaxed because of the radiant smile and joy, it is like on its own it relaxes itself. Your mental state is the one that you have to be aware of, because whenever you are not peaceful and not happy, it means you have stress, tension and tightness within your facial muscles and the various parts of your body, especially your heart area. When your heart is filled with joy, love and happiness, you are in a relaxed state, then you realize that your facial muscles are all naturally relax, you don’t have to do anything. After that it’s very easy for you to radiate love and mettā to yourself. Metta is universal love, loving kindness. Love that has got no opposite which means love is just love; there is no more opposite like hatred, envy, jealousy and unhappiness, so you learn to radiate love and mettā to yourself. You can radiate as follows:

‘May I, this body and mind of mine be well and happy, well and happy; (Feel the well being and happiness deep within your heart, your entire body and mind, and your entire being while you are reciting it)’. You can repeat it one or two more times:

‘May I, this body and mind of mine be well and happy, well and happy’. Feel the well-being and happiness within your heart then you can continue to radiate:-

‘May this body and mind of mine be free from all suffering, free from all physical and mental suffering, may they too be free from all harm and danger. Then, may the mental state of this mind be free from all enmity, ill will, fear, worry, anxiety, etc and may it keep itself happy and peaceful always. May there be love, may there be joy and may there be peace deep within our hearts’.

This mettā will make you very calm and very peaceful with a lot of inner well being. Then you continue to radiate this mettā to your loved ones, somebody you care for a lot; can be your parents, your spouse, your children, your loved ones, close friend, brothers and sisters or somebody who had taught you well, who have taken care of you, that you have a lot of respect and gratitude towards, you radiate the same mettā to them all:

‘May my loved ones too be well and happy, well and happy’ - you can visualize them radiating a radiant smile, and then from your heart you radiate this love. You wish them well being and happiness too. Radiate this love, well-being and happiness from your heart, then after that you can continue to send mettā to them from your heart as follows:-

‘May they too be free from all suffering, free from all mental and physical suffering; May they too be free from harm and danger; May their mind states too, be free from all negative tendencies of fear, worry, anxiety and selfishness; May they too be without enmity, without ill-will and untroubled and may they always keep themselves happy and peaceful always; May there be love, peace and joy deep within their hearts.’

Then you can radiate this same mettā to all beings within this vicinity of Bro. Swee Aun and Sis. Mee Fong’s house including all the kalyāṇamitta, dharma friends, fellow meditators, cultivators and all beings, seen and unseen, known and unknown, - ‘may they all too be well and happy, well and happy, may they all too be free from all suffering, both physical and mental suffering, may their mind states too, be pure, free of all negativities (negative tendencies), may they too be without enmity, without ill-will and untroubled, may they too be well and happy always, may there be peace, may there be love and joy deep within their hearts.’

Then you continue to radiate this mettā or loving kindness to all beings within the whole of Petaling Jaya, Subang Jaya, Selangor state, whole of Malaysia, South East Asia, Asia, then the whole world (planet earth), then our solar system, our entire galaxy, the milky way, then to all beings throughout the entire existence in this universe, - ‘may they all too be well and happy, well and happy, may their mind states too be without enmity, without ill will and untroubled, may they keep themselves happy and peaceful always, may they all too be free from all suffering , both physical and mental suffering, may they all too be free from harm and danger, may there be love, may there be peace and joy deep within their hearts’.

By now you should be calmer, more peaceful and more relaxed, and then you can come back to your facial muscles. You just relax and feel, by now it should be more relaxed (or soothingly relaxed), then you sweep it down to your neck, - feel, relax; shoulders, - feel, relax; hands, back to shoulders, - feel and relax.

Then you bring your attention to your heart or chest area. This is a very important location within your body, this is where the heartbeat is, this is where the seat of consciousness is, this is where your life force (karmic force) arise and pass away. This is a very important location within your body. Just silence your mind and feel, if there is any vibration or any tension, or stress, you just relax and relax and relax them all. For those who already know how to meditate and their awareness already developed, you completely silence your mind and just feel - whatever you can detect, like any vibration or any heartbeat, you just silence your mind and stay there with it. It will become very quiet, very peaceful and very still after a while. This is the silence mind that can meditate and understand.

But for those who are new, who have yet to develop this ability, you don’t have to do it; you just relax, feel and relax the heart area. Then you move on, you sweep it down to your stomach, - feel and relax every part. Then you move it down to your abdomen area, again just feel, silence your mind and relax every part. Your buttock, you feel and relax; your leg, - do the same, just relax and silence your mind to just feel and relax. You can reverse this whole mind sweeping process, from your leg - you feel and relax; buttock, again you feel and relax, stage by stage. Then you come back to your abdomen, do the same; move on to your stomach area, feel and relax; heart area, do the same. Then you move on to your shoulders, hands, back to shoulders - feel and relax every part; then you feel your facial muscle and again, relax every part; your eye muscles, do the same, feel and relax and your forehead, feel and relax.

When you are able to do that, your mind that is able to relax the body, will make it very calm, very peaceful and the inner well being too will be experienced. With these mind states, you are ready to train this mind to be mindful which is the most important thing that you have to do because by now you must have developed some form of de-conditioning of your heedless thinking, so that your thinking is much less and your mind is relatively much more quiet. This mind sweeping method training will enable you to develop two very important trainings:-

1. First you train the mind to feel and relax, so that it doesn’t This will enable you to de-condition the heedless habitual thinking or reactions of mind.

2. The second advantage is it trains your mind to be at the location you want it to be. You want it to be at the forehead, it is at the forehead. You want it to be at the heart, it will be there. You want it to feel the abdomen, it will be there. The mind that is silent is more sensitive.

Because you already have this ability you can now train your mind further to cultivate Ānāpānasati to stabilize your mindfulness. “Ānāpānasati” is a Pāḷi word. “Ānāpāna” means in and out breath and “sati” is mindfulness. Hence the word Ānāpānasati means ‘mindfulness of the in and out breath’ and this is a very good meditation object, because the breath is very neutral, and suitable for almost all personality. Hence you can develop this training of the mind to be mindful because the breath is always there and in the moment. When we are aware of this “in” and “out” breath, we will be silent without thought within. And this is what “sati” is all about. You silent your mind completely, then you feel your breathing in front of your nostril, just like you feel your forehead; you just maintain attention in front of your nostril, then you just silently relax and feel your breathing just like you feel the tightness, tension or stress within your forehead, now you feel your breathing. The moment you detect the breathing, you just allow the mind to be with the breath as one without thought then just be aware of it. Like the Buddha said, “Breathing in you are aware, breathing out you are aware”. It means body and the breath move as one without thought.

Initially it’s not so easy because you have not trained, so what you need to do is, you have to remember one very important thing, - ‘every time this mind wanders off and become heedless means you are not mindful of the breathing anymore, hence you have to patiently bring it back to be aware of the breathing again’. Anything you want to be skillful at, you have to train it. It’s like cycling, learning how to cycle or learning how to play any games. The constant practice or training will make you skillful. So, every time the mind gets distracted and becomes heedless, you just maintain awareness and bring the awareness or attention back to the breathing in front of your nostril. If you do it with enough patience and sincerity, and if you are determined to train this way, then not long, may be within 5 or 10 minutes, this Ānāpānasati will come to be and your mindfulness of the in and out breath will happen naturally, then your mind will suddenly become very peaceful and very quiet because the moment it can develop this Ānāpānasati (or mindfulness of the in and out breath), the mind will naturally settles down as it is without thought and is just aware. When it’s able to do that, this mind becomes peaceful, quiet, and then a type of joy, called “pīti” will arise. “Pīti” is a spiritual joy, a spiritual rapture. If it is the first time you are experiencing it, you will like it, and you will like to meditate because this is something most lay people cannot get to experience. These are meditative calmness, meditative peace, that arise via the training of the mind. When pīti arise, continue to relax into it and allow it to settle down, then after a while the breathing will become like very, very subtle (and you will experience the long breath), very quiet and very peaceful. Then this Ānāpānasati will develop further. With the refinement of “pīti” it will reach a stage where it will transform into “sukha”. Sukha” is a very blissful state of mind. The rest are explained in the last week’s recording.

You just train your mind to do that, then after the bliss if you continue to relax and silent your mind, it will reach what they call “passaddhi”. “Passaddhi” is stillness of mind, tranquility of mind, the mind becomes silent, without thought but it is continuously aware. When this state arises, you will come to realize, that your breathing and all your other bodily activities within your body, had all slowed down, until like little or no more breathing. Everything is like so subtle and so still. When that happens, just continue to relax and remain silent. Don’t try to do anything, don’t even try to do sitting and touching, just maintain the silent mind, with inner awareness, then see what happens. This passaddhi or tranquility/stillness of mind, will cumulate into the silent mind, which will then settles down, - it will develop into what we call the higher mindfulness, a more refined type of mindfulness. Then the mind itself enter sati, the mind itself becomes the silent mind that doesn’t need anything to anchor it. The mind that has no dwelling, it can just stay still, tranquil and quiet without any object of meditation. During that state, the subtle breathing will come back to you and you can detect it very easily. When that happen, without a stethoscope you can also ‘hear’ and be aware of your own heartbeat - very clear and very loud. After that, wherever you locate the mind, that awareness is so clear, even when you go to feel your forehead, it is so different now. You can even go into the brain within and develop awareness of what is happening within the brain. Then wherever within your body and mind if you want to investigate anything you just direct that mind, and it will understand.

You can use that silent mind to meditate, to develop the wisdom which is needed for you to arise what they call insight knowledges (wisdom borne of the direct seeing - to insight into the 3 universal characteristics of nature of anicca, dukkha, and anattā or impermanence, suffering states and non-self.) All these are also described in the last week’s recording. With these, I will allow you to meditate on your own and I will ring the bell in about 15 minute’s time so that we can continue with the second session. Now you can continue with your meditation. Just train your mind to be aware, to be mindful, and then stabilize it. Okay?

(After the 15 minutes meditation session - Bell ‘Ting! x 3’)

4. Session 2

For those who still want to meditate, you can continue. For those who had enough, you can now slowly, silently and mindfully come out of the meditation. Try to maintain whatever inner peace, inner calmness and inner awareness that you have developed. The mind that is trained is very useful. The mind that is trained will listen to you otherwise it will be heedless; it will do the things it wants to do. It will ignore what you want to develop. Once you train it, this mind will be different. This mind will listen to you, - means, you want it to be silent, it will be silent; you want it to be peaceful and aware, it will just do that; when you want it to arise to know something, to understand something, to develop the clarity of awareness, to investigate into anything, it will do just that. The trained mind is heedful, fully aware, silent within and peaceful. The untrained mind is full of mental hindrances, full of negativities, full of evil roots, full of defilement. The untrained mind is heedless and it thinks a lot. For those who had experienced them, they will come to know that the untrained mind is like a devil’s workshop. Do you know what a devil is? A devil is a very evil being and the devil will take charge of your mind because it’s not trained. Like a devil inside there, you know the devil is very evil - that’s the reason why it can make you very evil. The evil roots are the cause of all evil, the roots of all evil, hence that’s how the heedless mind develops all the conditioning via the evil roots to make you evil. That’s how you entangle your life. That’s how the law of karma takes over and conditions you into misery, and suffering; the various mind states of fear, worry, anxiety, sorrow and lamentation. All these come about because of heedlessness, caused by the evil roots and the mental hindrances within. The untrained mind is very dangerous whereas the trained mind is different. It is peaceful, calm, heedful, and always aware and silent within. So the key to meditation is to develop this training of mind to be mindful so that this mindfulness which is without thought can be stabilized. As it stabilize, your mind become more and more peaceful, more and more quiet, more and more aware, less and less of this heedless thinking. It can only come about when wisdom has been developed. Without the wisdom, chances are it’s still a conditioned state of training the mind to be ‘mindful’. The mind that is conditioned into ‘mindfulness’, with the ability to be ‘mindful’ of the object of meditation, is not the silent mind that we are looking forward to develop in the meditation. That one is still a ‘continuous mindfulness’ that had not insight into truth as yet but it can make you very peaceful and very calm, and you can even enter absorption and develop those one-pointedness concentration and jhanic abilities.

But when it comes to developing wisdom, the Buddha taught vipassanā via the cultivation of the four foundations of mindfulness. The emphasis is on awareness, or sati. On the four foundations of mindfulness: the first foundation is our physical body, kaya - Kāyānupassanā. After you had completed the various stages of kāyānupassanā cultivation, which starts with Ānāpānasati, followed by the mindfulness of the 4 postures, and then you develop the daily mindfulness through cultivating sati sampajañña, or mindfulness with clear comprehension of all actions and all movements within the present moment, followed by mindfulness of the 4 elements, 32 parts of the physical body and the 9 stages of cemetery contemplation.

Our physical body is made of the 4 elements – Apo (the water element), Pathavi (the earth element), Vayo (the wind element) and Tejo (the heat element) and it has got no knowing hence cannot be you. Then you move on to the 32 parts of the body (denoting condition arising nature of this body), followed by the 9 stages of cemetery contemplation of this bodily decomposition to understand the nature of this body when it is devoid of consciousness – it goes the way of nature (so as not to be deluded or deceived by the form). All these contemplation have their purpose (it is to help you develop some form of initial insight that will allow you to move on to the second foundation of mindfulness, which is vedanānupassanā). Vedanā is feeling, so mindfulness on all the feelings that arise within your sense bases upon sense door contacts. This is for you to understand how contact conditions feeling and how feeling conditions craving, and then how craving conditions grasping and all those subsequent dependent origination links. You will start to see them in your meditation when you have developed your sati and mindfulness. Then you can develop the understanding of the various mind states that arise within that feeling, whether it’s pleasant or unpleasant or neutral feeling. This is how you can develop the wisdom accordingly.

After that you go deeper into the consciousness, not only at feeling level you go into the content of consciousness. You move onto the 3rd foundation of mindfulness which is cittānupassanā. Citta is mind. When we talk about citta, it is the mind (consciousness with its content) or we also call it the thought. So the content of consciousness (which are the aggregates of mind especially saṅkhāra which includes vedanā and saññā) need to be understood. You have to develop the mindfulness of its content; you have to go deeper and deeper into the content of consciousness. Then when you start to understand clearly how this content of consciousness condition you into various karmic resultants (i.e. whether it is kusala or akusala karma – because they all come from your mental intentions/volitions), then your right view with regards to the law of karma will become very clear. You will then understand why the Buddha said under cittānupassanā, “When your content of consciousness has this evil root of Greed you must be aware, or when it is without also you must be aware. Similarly when there is this evil root of Anger, hatred, envy and jealousy, you must also be aware. Finally when there is this evil root of delusion or ignorance, of fear, worry, anxiety, etc, you must also be aware.”

You will understand clearly how all these content of consciousness with its evil roots conditioned you into the various negative karmic resultants. Without the evil roots there is no negative karmic resultant. This foundation of mindfulness is much deeper. When you have cleared all these, then you are ready to move into the 4th foundation of mindfulness which is dhammānupassanā.

By now, your mindfulness would have stabilized and you would have the ability to insight into phenomena, insight into the universal characteristics of nature. You can then start to cultivate dhammānupassanā. You start off with, the mindfulness of the 5 mental hindrances; leading to mindfulness of the 5 aggregates of form and mind, etc. - understanding it clearly. Then you move on to the next stage where you understand how you function as a human being, i.e. how your senses upon contact of mind arises their respective sense door consciousness. You develop mindfulness of your internal 6 sense bases and the 6 external sense bases and the resultant 18 sense realms. All these you will come to understand very clearly including the laws of dependent origination (or the 12 links) followed by the four noble truths which is the last category of practice. After this internal 6 and external 6 sense bases mindfulness training you will move on to cultivate mindfulness of the 7 factors of enlightenment. When this happens, you are very near to enlightenment already because by then all the factors of enlightenment are there to trigger off the awakening. If your cultivation does not lead you to the 7 factors of enlightenment then you have to check you cultivation. If you had cultivated correctly they will be there. Then when you apply these factors of enlightenment to develop the mindfulness on the four noble truths, you will awaken and all of the noble truths will become clear to you and you will understand them as they are as what the Buddha has realized. That completes the whole understanding of the four foundation of mindfulness cultivation.

After you had developed the above 4 foundations of mindfulness training, you still have to come out and live life, to cultivate the Noble 8 fold path, starting with right view, leading to the right thought, right speech, right action, right living/livelihood and the 4 right efforts to constantly purify your action, speech and thought processes so that you are able to fulfill the cultivation of the noble eightfold path (which is the last mindfulness practice), then only you can become a noble one. Noble ones are enlightened ones. Noble ones mean the enlightened ones that are very noble in every aspect of their life. They are very noble in their understanding of life, in their understanding of the laws that govern life and existence (no more doubt), they are very noble in the way they conduct and carry themselves, the way they arise their thoughts, the way they act and speak, the way they communicate with people, the way they interact with people and the way they have relationship with people and nature.

All these, you will come to understand clearly and you will know how to live life meaningfully and beautifully, you will just flow and accord with life, you will not go against anything, you will not cause any more karmic negativity or misery to fellow living beings. You will have a lot of love, compassion and wisdom to live life. All these are the characteristics and personalities of the enlightened/noble ones. That’s why they are called noble ones, noble in every aspect of their life. When you understand all these, you will know how wonderful and special the Buddha dharma is, how it can lead to all these great transformation in you. When all these things happen, you will see very clearly how this understanding can lead to complete transformation in you, both character and personality wise, and you will be a totally different human being. Then for those who can understand or know you, they will know that you had changed especially your loved ones and those people who are close to you. They can see and sense the great change in you, and then you will become a great blessing to all of humanity, society and the world.

4.1 Reporting Of Meditation

Okay, with that, I will move on to the second session on meditation reporting. You can report your meditation, your experience, and ask any question regarding the meditation and the teaching; whatever aspect of the Buddha dharma which you don’t quite understand, you can also ask. And the last and most important one is you can also ask me any question that is related to life, i.e. how to apply what you have learnt here and the Buddha dharma to help you resolve all your life situations and problems. Do make use of this condition and opportunity to ask. Before I go into the questions and answers session, is there anyone who might want to report your meditation? This will be very useful, so don’t be shy.

Anybody wants to report your meditation? No! What about you? Are you new? You came here before? Oh! First time. How do you feel …..? Okay, good, you can clean your nose first, don’t worry. I think you got a slight flu, it’s okay. It’s a good sign because when you have this type of sickness and flu and you are still able and determined to make it to this meditation, it means you have this resolve in you, hence you will learn faster.

According to the Buddha, when you go through suffering that is the best condition to understand his teachings because he told the monks what he teaches is very simple – ‘only two things : suffering and the way out of suffering’. If you don’t have suffering, it is not so easy to understand his teaching. But when suffering arises, it is easier because the Buddha said, under the first turning of the 1st Noble Truth, “there are these eight 1st noble truth life realities that can condition one into misery or suffering, if one lacks wisdom when confronting them. These 8 conditions are birth, old age, sickness and death (your case here is sickness or disease); then there is this separation from loved ones and ones possessions; when you are with people whom you don’t like and when you cannot get what you want; then the final summary which is, meditative”. The Buddha said, “In short when you deludedly grasp and cling on to the 5 aggregates of form and mind thinking this is what you are, what the human being is all about, then suffering will be the result.” These 1st noble truth life realities which he had proclaimed under the 1st turning, you will have to develop the understanding of it through the 2nd turning inquiry which is - “this 1st Noble truth of dukkha is to be understood”.

Now you look at this chart on the white board, the 1st turning wisdom is called suttamaya paññā. Paññā is wisdom and Sutta is the discourse of the Buddha”. Hence suttamaya paññā is wisdom borne of hearing the sutta or discourse that the Buddha had proclaimed. When you have this ability to understand what he says under the 1st turning proclamation, it means you have higher wisdom and you can awaken via suttamaya paññā. But if you find it not so easy, then, you have to go for the 2nd turning wisdom. 2nd turning wisdom is cintāmaya paññā which is the wisdom borne of reflection, contemplation and inquiry into the truth that the Buddha had proclaimed. When it comes to suffering, the Buddha said under the 2nd turning of the first noble truth - “this 1st Noble Truth of dukkha or suffering is to be understood.” The inquiry is - how can you develop wisdom out of it? This kind of 2nd turning wisdom which is cintāmaya paññā can only arise via constant reflection, contemplation and inquiry into what the Buddha had proclaimed i.e. “this noble truth of dukkha or suffering is to be understood”; so how do you inquire? How do you reflect? How do you contemplate? How do you start the contemplative training to develop your wisdom? Anybody wants to give it a try?

Very good, you start by inquiring ‘why did the Buddha say that? And why must I understand what suffering is?’ If you don’t know what is suffering then what is going to happen to you? You will suffer without knowing what suffering is, right? So how can you meditate and understand his teaching when you don’t even know what suffering is? After you had reflected and contemplated on them you will come to realize that, ‘if I don’t understand what suffering is, I can never develop the understanding and ability to be free from suffering.’ Hence that’s the reason why this noble truth is very important, so what must you do? After you had inquired why, you must go more deeply into it. I will have to develop this further inquiry of what is suffering? I will have to go back to the 1st turning proclamation, and then ask, why the Buddha said, “Birth, old age, sickness, and death are suffering?” Is there really any suffering when I experience all these or when I witness and confront all these realities?

This is how you develop the understanding of this noble truth, via your direct reflection, contemplation and inquiry into it through real life experiences. The mothers will know why birth is suffering. Maybe the man may not know so much because men don’t carry the baby for 9 to 10 months. The birth process comes with a lot of suffering when you understand; when things don’t go your way, when the baby is not what you expect and certain complication happened during birth, all these can be very traumatic because suffering is very real. When the mother go through the conceiving stage, followed by the pregnancy stage, - they will experience the morning sickness and all those side effects related to pregnancy, how they have to sacrifice, how their movement are restricted, how they have to exercise restraint and endure a lot of things that they want to do or eat but they cannot. Then as they go through the pregnancy process, they still need to do the housework or go to work and at the same time carrying the baby in their womb.  All these, you need to go through the inquiry to understand. The gynecologists, they understand better because they study that field. Then you have what they call old age, sickness and death. May be when you are young you cannot experience what old age is but you can see how your parents and grandparents get old, then your great grandparents, your neighbor’s grandparents and all those old people, with all their problems while confronting old age, sickness and pending death.

As you grow old, you start to develop a lot of sickness, a lot of disease and your senses start to fail you, then your thoughts start to haunt you, you start to develop this unhappiness in you via thinking, ‘now that I am so old, so useless, people will look down upon me, my children also will look down upon me’ because you are no longer like before. The sufferings that come with old age can be very traumatic and miserable too, especially so when you are financially dependent on people for your daily sustenance, especially your three meals, i.e. food and shelter. When you grow old, you tend to have a lot of sickness and diseases too, so your medical bills will go up. You also fear those diseases like dementia etc. This can be very real and rather traumatic.

Then death is a certainty and can be very tragic too. If you don’t have wisdom, most of you will suffer, because most people cannot accept the reality of death; especially so if they are your loved ones, they are somebody very dear, important and close to you. Separation can happen in many ways, for example separation during nature’s disasters like tsunami, earthquake, flood, building collapse, etc. Nowadays, car accident, train accident, plane accident, and even snatch thief and kidnapping (can be a big issue, creating a lot of misery too). You can witness all these when you read the newspapers. As you go through life, you start to experience and understand, how when there is separation from things that you own or holds on to dearly like your business, your wealth, your property, your money, your possession, your loved ones etc. suffering can arise. Then later on, you will also encounter relationship problem which can also lead to separation, like divorce and relationship failure. Even those not married, they are not exempted, for they also can be jilted (nobody divorce you but you get jilted.) Then the very common word is “you are dumped”, like a coconut; dumped, they just dump you. Many of these relationship failures had led to very traumatic experiences; they cried and there’s a lot of sorrow, lamentation, bitterness and fear leading to all the hatred, the anger, the jealousy and all those sorrowful things. When you are with people whom you don’t like, suffering can also arise.

As you go through these reflections and contemplations you start to understand this noble truth better because these are the very realities of Life and existence that the Buddha had proclaimed. Without wisdom when you confront them, you will suffer and these are life realities that you cannot avoid. As long as you live long enough, sooner or later you will have to confront them. When you are with people whom you don’t like, you will experience a lot of these suffering too, especially so when you are still working, and when your bosses are not so friendly, and you are under tremendous pressure to deliver. Certain bosses, they’ve got very funny way of managing their staffs. They go by this practice – ‘management by harassment and fear’. They harass you to deliver and they put fear into you because they know you need the job, and the salary. A lot of people are forced to commit suicide because of financial problems which is also quite common. Also when your business cash flow is stuck and when you cannot find the cash flow for your business to pull through, you can be under tremendous pressure and stress. Then when the banker starts to terminate your loan facilities and when your creditor starts to come after you, all these can be very traumatic. These are real life situations that can lead to a lot of suffering, a lot of fear, worry, anxiety and stress, leading to health problems, that can makes you worse. Then when you are in this state, you can become very moody, and when you come back to your home, your relationship with your loved ones will also suffer - because when you suffer they also suffer. They also worry for you. All these are a chain reaction and these 1st noble truth realities’ suffering are so real.

The Buddha asked, ‘if you had understood this noble truth, what must you do? We must not wait until it’s too late, hence you better make haste to cultivate and develop this type of understanding borne of his teaching to understand what is going on before confronting them. Then when the 1st noble truth of suffering has already been understood, you don’t have to suffer anymore. That’s why the 3rd turning is the enlightenment part, with wisdom, bhāvanāmaya paññā. Paññā is wisdom, bhāvanā is the meditative training. Wisdom borne of the meditation or meditative training is the third turning wisdom and once you have that, your mind liberated and free.

When you contemplate and reflect onto the 2nd noble truth, which explained to you very clearly how suffering and its cause arises – your understanding will arise because the Buddha said there is a cause behind all suffering under the second noble truth and the cause is always craving borne of self-delusion. When you understand this 2nd Noble Truth, you will know how to manage your life better right? That’s why his teaching is very unique and very powerful. This 2nd noble truth can explained to you clearly why the first noble truth realities can cause you suffering.

The Buddha explained, it is your craving borne of delusion (self-delusion, or sakkāyadiṭṭhi) that is the cause. That is: you don’t understand ‘who you are, what you are’, you don’t know what this human being is all about, you don’t know what this form and mind is all about, hence you deludedly grasp and cling on to it, thinking it is real, it is you. That delusion, that sakkāyadiṭṭhi which is self-delusion, is very powerful, isn’t it? The final summary of the 1st Noble Truth according to the Buddha is – ‘when you deludedly grasp and cling onto the 5 aggregates of form and mind, suffering will be the result’. You don’t have to believe him. You can put it to test, and you can investigate into it. When you reflect and contemplate into it, you will come to realize that everything he said is true.

Let’s take an example, the first four realities of life and existence that the Buddha proclaimed as suffering under the 1st Noble Truth of dukkha. ‘He said birth, old age, sickness and death are suffering when you confront them without understanding’. How does suffering come to be? When we attach, when we cling, when we have craving, when we deludedly think that this body is what we are. Then you will worry about this body getting old, getting sick and die, that’s how you suffer. The new born baby, you have attachment, because you think you are the biological father and mother. Hence when you give birth to them, you will think it is your child, and you will develop attachment to that child, and if anything happens to that child (for good or for bad), it can affect your mental state. When things go your way, when you see them so cheerful, so cute and beautiful as they grow up, you will have so much joy and you will love them more and that will cause you to attach to them more. Then when something unfortunate happens, which is quite common nowadays - a lot of babies got abducted, they just come and take your baby away, especially when you forgot to off your car engine, then within split second, people just take the whole thing. Nowadays, even in school or while going to school, the kids are not safe.

Then when you leave your baby to the nanny or those who helped you look after your baby, (which is quite common in our modern day society because both the husband and wife are working) if you don’t have a good mother-in-law or own parents who can help you look after your children a lot of unfortunate things may happen also. That’s why you’re very blessed if you have these people to look after your children for you so that you can have the peace of mind when you go to work, otherwise you may worry. Alternatively is for you to hire a maid, but then, you have seen so many of those stories; even when they install those video camera at home also not much use, because if suddenly you on the computer and you saw how the maid abuse your child, how will it affect you? You totally got no more moods to work, and straightaway you call your husband then you straightaway rush home. Whatever you do is already too late, but you don’t have a choice because you don’t have the time to look after your own child and you have to entrust it to someone. But as parent you have a duty to find out, to monitor and make sure that these things don’t happen but there is certain thing that you can’t avoid because thing like karma is something you cannot really understand unless you have the wisdom. What you did to people in the past, karmic ally it will come back to you when the conditions are there. If you had been a maid before (in your previous life) and you do all these abusive things to other people’s child, then when the time come, you will become the victim, you will become the parent, and your kid will be abused by other maids just like how you had ill treated others before. All these you cannot blame people for what happened. The Buddha said, “The law of karma is very powerful, you must have that right view.” Having this right view can lead to understanding, - i.e. when you know the cause behind your suffering, when you know what suffering is, you will know how to manage your life better so that in future you will not commit any of these wrong actions or karmic negativity anymore. At least, to a certain extent you can manage it, but if you want to be totally free from it and go beyond, you must develop wisdom. That’s why this type of meditation is very useful and to cultivate this type of meditation you have to go much deeper than what knowledge can give you.

What I had explained to you is just the knowledge part but if you put it to cultivation, and you develop the appropriate mindfulness and heedfulness to reflect, contemplate and go into the first turnings, second turnings and third turnings cultivation then their corresponding wisdom will arise. If you diligently cultivate (via your heedfulness), the noble eightfold path, which is the full range of meditation as taught by the Buddha, then you can develop the wisdom to be free from all the 1st noble truth realities, then after that, no matter what happens, there will be no more suffering or problem for you. You will always be peaceful, (anywhere, anytime, and at any place), always full of happiness and joy, and yet the reality is still the reality. You will know very clearly despite what happens, no more suffering and this can be done. It’s not a myth or something theoretical. Just like the Buddha, after he had realized the Truth, he was full of joy and he want to share this understanding with the world. It took him about 3 ¾ asankhaya kalpas or world cycles to perfect himself so that he can become the Sammā Sambuddha and because of that he had great wisdom and was able to summarize all of his understanding of life (both the mundane and supra mundane aspects of it) into just 4 Noble Truths which is the essence of his great teaching.

What we are cultivating and developing here is the training of the mind to be heedful to cultivate this four noble truth understanding, that’s all and when you understand the noble truths, you can become noble ones and you can then be completely free from all suffering too and this is something possible even in this life. This life’s present civilization and consciousness are so conducive, and you all are indeed very blessed because we had evolved to the stage where our advancement in science and technology (especially in the field of technological innovations and information technology) is so phenomenal that it can help us so much.  But all these advancements are like a double edged weapon, if you use it wrongly, then the human consciousness will decay, it will go down, and human civilization will fall, but if you use it wisely to enhance our spiritual understanding, to transform the consciousness of this planet, then we will evolve to become beautiful future star beings.

All these can be understood, and like the internet technology that can help us share information so fast. Now you also got the mini recorder and CDs, that’s how the recording can be done, and you also have pen drive to help you copy the recording, it’s all so convenient nowadays. 2600 years ago, you may think that the monks and the lay people then who met the Buddha were all very fortunate but do you know; during that time, only the people there in that region can hear him because there was no airplane to fly there. Even got ship also nobody knows how to steer that far because Captain Columbus hasn’t realized that the Earth was round at that time. He was also not born yet. All these were not available then and they don’t get to meet the Buddha. There was also no recording, no book and no CD then, - nothing at all, and you have to find your way to meet up with the Buddha. It’s not easy during that time, you don’t even know where he is, no newspaper to read, no internet to check, no GPS to trace him, and all these are not available at that time. That’s why I say, you don’t complain, - by saying, “During the Buddha’s time, it is so easy to be enlightened because he was around, and anything we don’t know, we can ask him and he can explain to us.” But we never look at all those things they don’t have. Actually, now you are much more fortunate but you must know how to screen and sieve through the information available because all sorts of information are available in the internet. If you got hold of the wrong one and you are gullible then you may be following the blind (the blind leading the blind) and end up somewhere else. But if you are quite intelligent and wise and you know how to screen and sieve it out, then when you understand, you will be very determined to train yourself. And you will come to understand that the 3 turnings of the 4 Noble Truths cultivation are very important because they will lead you to the meditation, the cultivation of the four foundations of mindfulness, the cultivation of the noble eightfold path, and then finally the realization of the four noble truths – all these can happen. Coming back to what we want to discuss, - I have to finish off this question which I haven’t started yet, I think I have to stop the reporting for the time being and deal with the question now.

4.2 Questions and Answers

Okay, this is a very interesting question. This kalyāṇamitta wrote to Bro. Swee Aun, who had so kindly printed it out.

Question: Hi! Bro. Swee Aun, this question is quite personal and my question is ‘what is the meaning of responsibility? I feel that I work so hard to contribute to the family (practically in every sense of it) and to me everyone should be putting in their contribution as well example helping to do housework, such as cleaning and keeping the place tidy, etc. But I find that everything is all up to me, though from young, I’ve been telling my children that they should do their share or part (of course not expecting them to do all but at least contribute) so that everyone is contributing in their own way. (She thinks that is fair to expect but she is not getting that.) The common excuse from the children is that “mum I’m busy”, I’m not interested in housework and that is the problem. I am actually the busiest person (she said) and I’m not interested in feeding “lazy people”. I hate to pose this question as I felt the feedback is as though I am very calculative or uncaring (No, you are not. People who don’t understand, maybe they think you are but for people who understand, they will say, you have sacrificed a lot and there is a reason why you behave like that because you cannot understand their behavior and that’s why you brought them up here) I compromise all the way. I cannot give myself a good answer why I have to push myself so hard, make sacrifices just to keep the house and the home in order. Anyway, this is just airing my view. Thanks for listening, and best regards’

Bro. Teoh: This is a very good and relevant question. Like most housewives, she felt as if she is the only one working, doing all those household chores like marketing, cooking, washing, cleaning up the house etc and seeing to all the needs of the family, which is a very great responsibility. That is why she uses the word ‘responsibility’ because to her, she believed this is her responsibility as a wife and as a mother.

Now to answer this question, the more appropriate word to use is “duty” instead of responsibility because when you say responsibility, it is like people make you responsible for all these. But when it’s my duty to do, what does it means? It is my duty, so I will do it diligently with understanding because it’s my duty. I got a duty as a mother, as a wife, as a daughter-in-law, it’s just like those duties that the Buddha spoke about in the Sigalovada sutta. This sutta laid out the layperson’s code of conduct or discipline and it explained very clearly your role and your right duties towards each and every one that you have relationship with, even between an employee and employer and all these duties that he came up with comes from his understanding and great wisdom. Without that great wisdom he cannot tell you all these. So your duty is in accordance to what? You act because of what? Because you have a duty to do something as a mother, right? That’s how you hold on to those duties. And the Buddha through his great wisdom understands the nature’s law that governs life and existence, especially the law of karma linking it to all these duties.

He said, “If you perform your duties in accordance with this law, then you will reap the good result or fruition of your good actions in the future”. That’s why I always tell you all, ‘right duty is right dharma’. When you do your duty correctly in accordance with the law of karma (the law that governs life and existence), then you have right dharma – which means you don’t do them out of heedlessness, foolishness or delusion. But a lot of people when they do something they will say, ‘I already did so much good’ - but they never question that good, good according to whom? It’s always good according to them, so when it is good according to you, it may not be the nature’s law side of good because your definition of good and bad is always based on your views and your opinions and before you are enlightened, your views and opinion are always wrong view because they are mainly selfish views with delusion. Then how can it be right? It must be right according to the nature’s law. The Buddha knew this law of karma hence he can advice you accordingly.

Now coming back to this lady, if you do your duties as a mother or as a wife or as a daughter-in-law or as a sister, you know what will happen? If you do your duties well for your children, for your family, and then you sacrifice for them because they are your loved ones, then there is a lot of joy while performing those duties. You can do that because you believe they are your loved ones and you really care for them and also because you have love. When you have true love, there is no anger, no jealousy and no all those calculative attitudes. Just like when you love your child, you can go all out to sacrifice for your child, right? That’s why we Chinese have this culture; they can work so hard, to have all of their life savings - to just spend them on their child’s or children’s education and to them, this is something they would do, out of love for them. But the other way around is usually very difficult - when you expect the child or the children after they had grown up, to have the gratitude and the understanding to really go back and thank their parents for all the great sacrifice and love they have given them and to look after them and care for them, unless that child has the dharma, otherwise very difficult because most of them are selfish. They will tell you, ‘You can call the other brothers or call the other sisters to help because they are nearer’. Or they will tell you, ‘Last time you pamper them more, or the other brother uses more of your money, or I am really very busy and I don’t have time, etc’. There are always all sorts of reasons or excuses to justify why they can’t come over to look after you. They always say, ‘one parent can raise 10 kids, but 10 children cannot even look after one parent’. This is quite true at times. So don’t end up like them. It’s because they don’t understand the dharma, and they behave selfishly. But when you have the wisdom, borne of understanding the dharma, you won’t do that because you know, for every action you do there is a cause and effect, and an equal and opposite reaction. That’s why the Buddha said, ‘we are all born of our karma, heir to our karma, conditioned and supported by our karma, and we are what we are because of our karma’. Hence if you don’t take care of your karma and if you do things that harm people, cause suffering to people, - all these will come back to you, to haunt you later on in the future. If you neglect your children and your parents, in future births when the conditions are there, you will have children and parents that will neglect you too. So what will happen, when you do your duty as a mother, care for your children, and care for your loved ones, and sacrifice for them (but of course you do to the best of your ability and not at the expense of your health)? According to the law of karma you will reap what you sow, and these blessings will come back to you. Which means in future you will have good mother who will love, care and sacrifice for you.

Our generation was the best; my mother gave birth to 9 children so my mother didn’t really have time for us. My mother always tells me, ‘from nature the child is born, so nature will care and see to their needs’ and my mother got no time to attend to us all because she is so busy. What she told me was based on her wise experience which she learned from life. She said, ‘she only needs to make sure that we are fed, and then she will let us cry and do what we want to do because she really doesn’t have the time, and there were 9 of us. She, where got time to take care of us all like nowadays mum, giving so much ‘love’ and care to their only kid. They also pampered them and at times, worried so much for them. But today’s modern day mum finds it so difficult to even look after 1 or 2 kids. During my mother’s time, I just wonder how she can deliver and take care of 9 or 10 of us. Must be a fantastic mother right? My mother, when you listen to her story, I think you dare not get married because nowadays mum, having to raise 1 or 2 kids is already a great sacrifice or burden for them.

All these understanding will help you and because of the law of karma, when you had taken care of them, when you had loved and do your duties and sacrifice for them, in future when you come, you will have mother to take care of you and sacrifice for you, and you will be like very blessed. If you know this is karma, you will never be deluded as to neglect them anymore. For you know if you neglect them, in the future when you come, you will be neglected, you will have suffering, and you will end up in the orphanage because they will dump you there, they will neglect you just the way you neglect your parents and children earlier on. If you as parent, neglect your duties, especially the man’s side, you drink, you gamble, you cause so much suffering and you are so heedless, in future when you come again, you will have a father that will do that to you just as how you did to your kids. So the mother that does all those things, and wants the easy way out will also suffer. Most of them do that because they couldn’t take it anymore, and they just say, that’s it, enough is enough, then they just walk out of the family and they just don’t want to bother anymore. Then what happens is, in the future you will have parents that will walk out on you, so how do you feel? Life is like that. If you take care of karma, karma will take care of you and every life when you come, if you do your duties well, then every life in future when you come, you will have parents and loved ones who will do their duties well towards you. That’s why when you take care of your children’s education, take care of their well being, but don’t pamper them then in the future you will have good parents who will care and provide for you too.

What are your duties as parents? You guide them, you nurture them when they are young, protect them, care for them, provide them with all the basic essentials, like food, shelter, education and other necessities of life. Then your other roles or duties are to give them proper advice so that they can grow up and become better human beings, with the right understanding so that they will know what is appropriate what is not appropriate, so that they can be a blessing to all, so that they will have respect and gratitude for elders, for people who really love and care for them and they will have this charitable heart and generosity to help others via relieving their suffering. If you can train them in this way, then this is what you will receive as fruition of that karma. In future, you have parents that will guide and train you and bring that understanding to you.

The more you give, the more you receive. That’s why Warren Buffet and Bill Gates, they are always so wealthy because even in this life despite their great wealth, they still donate so much. That's why in future when they come they will be very wealthy again because the law of karma is like that. The more you give the more you receive. When you give, it is like you give to your own karmic nature. Similarly when you cause suffering to others, it is like you cause suffering to your own karmic nature, and in future you will reap what you sow; that’s why, do not harm others.

That’s also the reason why all the Buddha’s advice under the famous Dhammapada verse 183 is the same, following this law of karma. i.e. All Buddhas give the same advice. They said,

“Sabba pāpassa akaraṇaṃ kusalassa upasampadā sacitta pariyo dapanam etaṃbuddhanasāsanaṃ” –

‘Sabba’ is all and ‘pāpassa’ is evil so He said, “All evil you must avoid” that’s why don’t cause suffering, don’t have negativity otherwise you will suffer. Then whatever wholesomeness and goodness (kusala karma), when there are conditions to do, you must do. Then finally, he said you’ve to train your mind. Sacitta …., citta is mind, - purify your mind so that you will have the wisdom to confront life, so that you will not suffer, otherwise, your life will be miserable and these are the advice of all Buddhas (Etaṃbuddhanasāsanaṃ).

Now you understand how the Buddha’s advice comes about - it comes from his right view with regards to the law of karma. When you avoid all evil and do good, it means you have the right view to take care of your karma, to do your duty in accordance with this nature’s law of karma then you will reap the results and the reward in the future, your life will be taken care of. Then the good karma will condition your good life because according to the Buddha, ‘each and every one of us is born of our karma, heir to our karma, conditioned and supported by our karma and we are what we are because of our karma.’

So, do not be heedless, do not be deluded, do not think that you are the only one sacrificing, and that you are doing all these for all these people who are so lazy. These are all wrong thoughts and do you know how all these wrong thoughts can come about? Because of her evil roots of anger, selfishness and delusion that conditioned her unhappiness to arise the wrong thoughts that will keep justifying for her - like ‘they never respect me, they didn’t even say a word of thanks to me, they didn’t appreciate what I have done and sacrificed for them’.

For most mothers they are very simple and it is very easy to make them feel otherwise. Once the other family members can feel and appreciate what their mum had done for them they will start to express their gratitude towards her, and start to say some nice, sincere words to her; like, – ‘thank you so much mum, you had sacrificed so much for us, we really would like to thank you, and you are our greatest mum.’ If on mother’s day you really express that, she will be most happy and the impact will be tremendous. Then she will be very happy to work for you without anymore complaint because you appreciate what she does. But if you don’t do that, her thoughts will be negative and these negative thoughts can arise because of karma. Take for example, in the past, as a kid, you never had this gratitude towards your parent, so this life you come, you become parent; and your kid also got the same condition, no gratitude towards you because this is what happened in the past. Karma is like that, if you want people to be good to you, you must be good to people, if you want to have good life, if you want your children and loved ones to be very nice to you, then you must take care of karma, that’s it.

There is one last point that I want to emphasis on before I stopped. I always said this to all the mothers. If it’s your duty or responsibility (whatever word you may use), as long as you are the mother, there are certain things you have to do, whether you like to do or you don’t like to do, you still need to do. If you do with understanding, joy and happiness, then what you do will become beautiful and karmic ally it will come back to you. When you cook with joy, happiness and understanding, with a lot of sacrifice, your cooking also become better. Otherwise with all the anger, hatred and unhappiness, do you think you can cook well? When your kids and husband come back and taste your food they will also complain, ‘what happened today? Why the food so salty also you don’t know?’ Then because you already boiling deep inside then the thought (out of anger) will prompt you to say, ‘with no word of appreciation and you some more comment like that’, you know what will happen? She will shout back, “The hell with you, you cook yourself!”, then she will pack up and walk out, go back to her mother or parent’s place. Then you will know, she had started to ‘boycott’ you all. What happen when she goes on strike, big problem right? I have seen a colleague, telling me that. When the wife went on strike for three days (not at home) only, everything like ‘kelam kabut’ (hay wire). He said to me, “Teoh, don’t play a fool with our wives.” Three days my wife went back to her hometown (balik kampong), ‘aku mati.’ He got three children, only then he realized that it is not easy to be a housewife. Last time he took things for granted. He said to her wife, “Every month I give you more than enough money, to take care of our three children – like that also you want to complain?” One day, the wife just packed up and left for her home town leaving him alone to attend to his 3 small kids. Then only he starts to understand how difficult it is to manage the household and the kids properly when the wife is not around. So please help out and say a few words of appreciation to help out the situation. Do give her your support and expression of love, care and appreciation to help her out. That is how through cultivating the dharma you can be more sensitive and you can feel for others and you understand better, that’s how you can sacrifice, you can do all those proper things, the right duties, then your life will become more orderly. Then, in future when you come, you will have no more problems and no more suffering.

When you understand the law that governs life and existence this way, and you know how to live your life in accordance with that law, meaning you have wisdom, then, you know how to live and you don’t have to worry about life anymore, you just live. Then life becomes meaningful, beautiful, because you’re no longer like ordinary deluded people, - who always complain, complain, worry, worry, every now and then about life; Always getting themselves entangled, in anger and unhappy via getting emotional and fearful most of the time. Is that life? Is that what you want? You should ask yourself, I don’t know? For me, that is really, stupid (pardon me for using this harsh word), very stupid indeed. This is stupidity, isn’t it? Because your own life, yet you do not know how to choose to be happy, instead you choose to be so negative and so miserable because of what? Because you don’t understand this teaching, you don’t know that there is a way to develop that understanding to free your mind.

With that we end. Sorry, I have taken extra five minutes of your time. Okay, if you got any questions, the next time you better write it down so that I can spend more time on those questions. I hope I have answered that sister’s question, so please have understanding to develop the joy of doing your duties in accordance with the nature’s law well. You are not being ‘forced’ to do all these things just because you think you are the mother or the wife, and they put you responsible for all these, No! There is this nature’s law that governs all of our action, speech and thought processes. If we have the noble eightfold path factors of right view, right understanding, leading to the right thought, right speech and right action etc then no problem. That’s how you can overcome all of these so called life ‘problem’, - don’t try to save on his money, hire a maid if you need to, and forget about trying to save that type of money. Whatever he say, you tell him ‘I want a maid otherwise I will go back’, but don’t be too demanding. Sometimes, financially if your husband is not capable, then go for part-time maid. But nowadays, it is quite normal for wife to be financially much better than their husband and if that is the case then just hire a maid.

Yah! You can ask Joyce about that experience. Despite being a very experienced mother, she still hopes that the maid will come back. Yes, then when she saw the maid, there was so much joy. It was like the husband saw the wife come back, wah! It’s a big relief. Even my wife also said the same, the last time when our maid left; it was not easy for her to cope because of her age now. Then I just tell her, ‘In that case we go and hire a maid, Filipino also never mind, just pay a bit more.’ Then immediately after the maid came, you can see she is so different already. Now she can go for facial, and have more time to herself, that is what life is all about. Can you understand?

Resolve your problem amicably then move on, that’s all. Don’t go and complain and become miserable over all these, so called, “problem”. Learn to live life, not to complain and become miserable over life. Most people worry about life, complain about life and become miserable over life for they never really live. To live life, is very simple, just be with the moment in silent inner awareness to experience all of the beauty and wonders of life from moment to moment instead of worrying about life.

Okay, I don’t want to take up so much of your time. Next time please write down your question or email, or WhatsApp Swee Aun then he can pass those questions to me. What I normally do is, if the question is not that long, you don’t have to let me know first, that day itself I will read out the question, the way I answer is very different. There and then the conditions will arise and I will know how to answer it accordingly. But this particular one is a bit different; this one is more mundane, with all the complaints and all the concern, so if you don’t send it to me, I may not be able to answer you there and then because I may need to refer to the Sigalovada sutta, which I don’t really teach. For me, these are more mundane dharma, not the real dharma, and my emphasis is not so much on that in this life. This life my nature’s emphasis is more on the penetrative wisdom dharma to develop the true understanding.

If you have a dharma question, then no need to let me know first, there and then I can take it up; and the way I answer it will be very different. But if it is a mundane one, please, forward to me first so that at least I can look up a little bit, otherwise, I may forget how to pronounce the word. I always forget that word, because too long and seldom used, I know it’s Si…. something, or sila something … Ah Yes! Sigalovada sutta, thank you. Anyway, that’s what the sutta is all about, if you want to know more, read it up then you will know how to do your duties accordingly.

Under that sutta the Buddha laid it out very clearly - what your duties are, what you must do, so that your life will be good. Why you cannot mistreat your employee; and why you cannot mistreat your spouse and your children. And vice verse the children also have duties towards their parents. And do you know that, according to the Buddha one of your duties as parent is to help arrange for your child’s suitable marriage. Yeah, it’s written in the sutta, you can go and read about it. I remember this is one of the duties of the parent. Yeah, so that they are properly and suitably married but you don’t worry and get panicky. Some children don’t want to get married, so don’t go and say, “The Buddha say I have a duty to do that for you”, then you create unnecessary conflict and misunderstanding, because you don’t understand the Buddha’s meaning. The Buddha also respects the individual, and he said your life you decide and he will never force you to do things that you don’t like to do, because he understands, it is your life so you decide. Also the Buddha understands that ‘you are what you are because of your karma’ and ultimately there is no reality, because Hei! No you and Hei! No me, so he will never interfere. But he can give you the advice as to what you have to do; so your duty is just to advise and not to force them to do what they may not like and they are all in the sutta, okay?

5. Closing Pūjā

Now we will do the closing pūjā via reciting the following:-

Sharing of merits with the devas;

Transferring of merits to departed ones and those who can receive them;

Invoke blessing for the nation;

Invoke Aspiration via power of merits.

Sharing of merits with the devas:-

Ākāsaṭṭhā ca bhummaṭṭhā

Devā nāgā mahiddhikā

Puññaṃ taṃ anumoditvā

Ciraṃ rakkhantu loka sāsanaṃ

May all beings inhabiting space and earth,

devas and nagas of mighty power

Share these merits and

May they long protect the dispensation

Ettāvatā ca amhehi

Sambhataṃ puñña sampadaṃ

Sabbe devā ānumodantu

Sabba sampatti siddhiyā

May all beings share these merits

Which we have thus acquired and

May all devas rejoice and may

They contribute greatly to their well being and happiness.

Transferring of merits to departed ones and those who can receive them:-

Idaṃ me ñātinaṃ hotu Sukhitā hontu ñātayo (x3)

Let these merits accrue to our departed relatives and those who can receive them

And may they too be well and happy always. (x3).

Okay we shall now invoke the blessings for our nation.

Devo vassatu kālena

Sassa sampatti hetu ca

Phīto bhavatu loko ca

Rājā bhavatu dhammiko

May the rain fall in due season,

May there be a good and rich harvest throughout,

May the nation be peaceful and prosperous always,

May the government of the day, the king and the rulers be righteous

Okay you can now make your aspirations:

Iminā puñña kammena

Māme bāla samāgamo

Sataṃ samāgamo hotu

Yāva Nibbāna pattiyā

By the grace of these merits that we have thus acquired

May we never follow the foolish and the heedless

But only the wise and the enlightened one

Until nibbāna is realized

Sādhu!, Sādhu!, Sādhu!

Okay let us pay respects mindfully to Lord Buddha then we end.

Oh! I forgot. There is a sister whose mother passed away, I think she is 70+ and her name is Madam Tan Lay Ho, Angie Cheah’s mother. She passed away recently, on Sunday September 22nd 2013. She requested that we help invoke some transference of merits to her mother. We will do it now.

We had already rejoiced with all the wholesomeness that we all had done over our last 2 hours plus of meditation and dharma sharing activity. And all of these wholesomeness like hearing of the dharma, straightening of our views, rejoicing, followed by the transferring and sharing of our merits, the paying of respect to the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha, the radiating of loving kindness or mettā, the renewal and keeping of our precepts and the meditation, they are very wholesome, very meritorious and we had together rejoiced with all those wholesomeness. We will then invoke the power of these merits, blessings and wholesomeness to help our sister’s mother via reciting as follows:

“By the power of all these wholesomeness that we had all cultivated, may it arise the causes and conditions for Angie Cheah’s mother, Madam Tan Lay Ho to have a better rebirth in whatever realm of existence that she may take and may the blessings of the triple gems be with her and may the Buddha, Dharma and the Sangha always bless her so that she may have a good life, a happy life in the hereafter. And may she too have the causes and conditions to come into contact with the Buddha Dharma, so that she can also have the ability to train her mind, to develop this understanding to realize the beautiful dharma that can help her in her future life.”

With this, we will rejoice one more time, Sādhu! Sādhu! Sādhu! Okay thank you and you all can now pay your respects mindfully to Lord Buddha then we end.

6. Appendix - 5 Spiritual Faculties & 5 Mental Hindrances, 3 Turnings of the 4 Noble Truths

6.3  Chart 3: Three Turnings of the 4 Noble Truths

For higher resolution of the table please click here

Table of Contents

Biodata of Bro. Teoh Kian Koon

1. Introduction

2. Acknowledgement

3. Session 1

3.1 Pre-Class And Pre-Pūjā

3.2 Meditation Briefing and Instructions

3.3 Meditation Proper

4. Session 2

4.1 Reporting Of Meditation

4.2 Questions and Answers

5. Closing Pūjā

6. Appendix - 5 Spiritual Faculties & 5 Mental Hindrances, 3 Turnings of the 4 Noble Truths